Mine and other car



A H. EETOW Dec. 14, 1937.

MINE AND OTHER CAR Original Filed Nov 15. 1920 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 m 3 Q Q I INVENTOR A 4, Maia;

Dec. 14, W97. A, H STOW 20,590

MINE AND OTHER CAR Original Filed Nov. 15, 1920 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 mmummnmvmmML INVENTOR MW M2424 ATTORNEY Dec. 14-, 1937. STOW Re. 20,590

MINE AND OTHER CAR Original Filed Nov. 15, 192-0 4 SheetsSheet 4 vyg g 107 9-2 1 131-2 f .57 Z9 M a 2 60 9 12g. :2 5.9;

l N V EN To R 1114, m

Mum/24,

ATTORNEY Reissued Dec. 14, 1937 PATENT OFFICE 20,590 MINI AND OTHER CAR Audley Hart Stow, deceased, late of Charleston, W- Va., by Sanford Investment Company, Wilmington, Del.,

signee Original No. 1,961,017,

for reissue May 28,

117 Claims.

This invention relates to improvements in mine and'similar rail cars.

The objects 01' this invention are to produce such a car in a'rorm adapted to meet conditions and to function as hereinafter described, including adaptation to carry the largest load possible in given out to out dimensions prescribed by conditions in the mines-the width and height in passages through which extend the rail tracks to be traversed by the cars. Lading capacity depends on location of the mine car bottom or floor relative to the track rails and also on the thickness (or thinness) oi the floor and also the length of the car and the form of body walls or upper structure rising from the floor. Increasing the lading capacity of the car by lowering the floor or bottom is a feature of this improvement. Increasing the length of said cars from former practice requires changes in structure in order to give the car stability or rigidity. In this connection, it is to be noted that in these cars a short 'wheel base" is desirable, in order that the car nay readily pass such short track curves as are rdinarily present in and at coal mines. The hort wheel base is produced by placing the axles sear each other, in order that the wheels at :ach side of the car will be near each other.

When a car is made longer and the axles are nlaced to produce such a short wheel base, each mi of the car will extend outward beyond the idjacent axles, and the structure of the car must we such as to keep those ends from sagging or bending downward during operation of the car. "Building the car to carry a load extending closer to the rails and having greater length, calls for revising the structure of cars heretofore in use, to aiford the required strength and durability. That variation for more capacity requires changes in organization, an important feature of which is placing the car floor or bottom low relative to the car axles, whereby the floor is placed as near to the track rails as is permissible.

A further object oi the invention is to proiuce a car having a horizontal traction truck frame which is strong relative to the lading-retaining walls rising from the truck, in order that the truck may receive tension and compression trains during the operation of the car, while the lading retaining walls have merely enough strength or stability to ordinarily retain normal position but yield to abnormal strains tending to deform said walls and so avoid or limit transmission of strains to the track under wreck conditions.

In mining practice, there are mine car wrecks a corporation of Delaware, as-

dated May 29,1934, Serial No. 424,132, November 15, I920.

1936, Serial No. 82,381

Application similar to railroad wrecks, and there are also a large number oi wrecks resulting from r'ooi' i'alls in the mines. In either kind or wreck, ,itls desirable to limit the damage done to the cars. The damage or loss is greater when the traction truck is destroyed. Then the removal or the wrecked car and the repair of the car lead to more delay and expense. In cars in whlch the side walls are arranged to take haulage strains those walls are so strong as to tend to transmit ordinary wreck strains or root fall strains to the truck, whereby the truck is broken or bent along with the wrecking of the side walls. Thus the car is dimcult to remove from the mine and has almost no scrap value when so removed. In this improved car, it is preferred to avoid so constructing the car as to depend upon the side walls for taking'haulage strains.

It is preferred to concentrate in the traction truck all the metal necessary to take care 01' the haulage strains, both tensile and compressive. And all the metal is so placed in the car as to give the maximum strength per pound oi metal.

There is thus needed only a relatively light and flimsy lading-holding upper body or structure which may be crushed by a fall of the roof and be readily removed from the traction truck with relatively trifling loss. It the fall of the roof occurs on one or these loaded cars, the car lading will more usually so cushion the tall ot'the rooi that the traction truck will seldom be seriously damaged. When these improved cars are telescoped. the ends of the trucks will seldom hit so squarely as to prevent the trucks from sliding either under or over each other and so avoid serious damage to the trucks.

some mine cars areconstructed to discharge their lading by gravit'yrwithout tilting the car. Mine cars having displaceable bottom doors are of that kind. Other cars are tiltable for discharge oi the lading by gravity. of those there are some in which only a part 01' the car is tilted for dischargingthe lading. The invention relates to such cars as are tilted bodily-the entire car, including the truck, being tilted-either endwise or sidewise. for discharging the lading by gravity. The drawings illustrate an end-dump car constructed for such bodily tilting.

In mine operation, it is desirable to have the wheels tree for rotation on the axles, in order that, on track curves, the wheels may freely turn independently of each other, the axles being at the same time free for slow or creeping rotation in axle bearings which are supported by the side beam or side sills, that slow turning being caused 66 44,0: Fig.5;

by slight frictional engagement between the wheels and axles. The purpose oi that slow rotation of the axle is to avoid wearing by the wheels on only one part of the axle journals, as is the case when the axles do not turn.

Because, when, in the improved car the car axles are continuous from Journal to iournahthe floor is placed below the axles, whereby the axles are in the lading holding body, it is desirable to prevent the lading from making engagement with the axles in such manner as to interfere with the slow rotation of the axles. If the car is an end-dump car, it is also desirable to associate with the axles means for guiding the ladingover the axles, without contact with the axles, when the car is tilted into the end-dumping position. Accordingly the improved car preferably includes axle deflectors and axle hoods and axle tubes which shield the axles from contact with the lading. If the car is an end-dump car, as herein described, deflector plates placed over the axles and having sloping faces at the rear of the axles serve to guide the lading over the axles when the car is in the end-dump position; and when the car is in the horizontal position, those deflector plates keep the lading from lying on the axles and preventing rotation of the axles. If the car is to be turned sidewise for discharging its load, the sloping face of the deflector is not needed; but a hoodform cover may be placed over the axles to keep the lading from bearing upon the axles. In either form, these axle covers are to be made strong enough to avoid bending when large and heavy pieces of lading fall upon the covers. It is also to be noted that contact of iading with rotating axles is to be avoided, because such contact would grind the lading.

In the accompanying drawings:

Fig. 1 is a bottom view of a traction truck constructed in accordance with the invention, the outer ends oi the axles being broken away;

Fig. 2 is a partial sectional side elevation of the improved mine car, showing the lading holding body in its working position with relation to the improved traction truck, the rear end of the car being shown in longitudinal vertical section on the line, 2-2, ofFig. 1, certain parts being shown by dotted lines;

Fig. 3 is a vertical cross section on the line, 2-3, oi Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a horizontal section taken on the line,

Fig. 5 is a vertical section on thelongitudinal middle line, H, of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 is an outer side view of a portion of the longitudinal side sill oi the improved traction truck, showing the axle boxing in position;

Fig. I is a detail section on the line, 2-2, of Fig. 1, exposing an inside view of a portion of the said longitudinal side sill;

Fig. 8 is a vertical cross-section on the line. 2-2, of Fig- 6;

Fig. 9 is a detail, upright, longitudinal section showing another form of the bottom pivoted spring draw-bar;

Fig. 10 is a detail upright cross-section on the line, Ill-40, of Fig. 1;

Fig. 11 is a detail, upright, cross-section on the line, H-l I, of Fig. 9;

Fig. 12 is a detail elevation of the end ship channel shown in Fig. 4;

Fig. 13 is a detail section of still another form of pivoted spring draw-bar;

Fig. 14 is an upright longitudinal section 01 a form of rigid draw-bar, as applied to the front of the car; I

Fig. 15 is a detafl upright reinforced belt or hinder;

Fig. 16 is a detail section showing another form of reinforced belt or binder;

Fig. 1'? is a detail section showing still another form of reinforced belt or hinder;

Fig. 17A is a view similar to Fig. 17;

Fig. 1B is a detail upright longitudinal section showing a swinging draw-bar;

Fig. i9 is' a detail section, on the line, llll, oi Fig. 18;

Fig. 20 is a detail vertical cross section on the line, 2U2II, of Fig. 2, showing a somewhat different style of axle boxing, from that shown in Figs. 6, '7, and 8;

Fig. 21 is a detail cross of axle boxin Fig. 22 is a detail vertical cross section on the cross-section of a section of another form line, 22-22, of Fig. 6 of still another form of axle- Fig. 23 is a detail section of still another form of axle boxing:

Fig. 24 is a detail vertical longitudinal section on the line, 24-24, of Fig. 25, showing an inside view of the swinging axle boxing which forms a portion of the spring wheel truck;

Fig. 25 is an upright cross-section through the center of the axle on the line, 2l2i, of Fig. 24;

Fig. 26 is a detail vertical section on the line, 25-25, of Fig. 24;

Fig. 27 is a view similar to Fig. 4, showing solid end bumpers and a center draw-bar located between the upper and lower flanges of the end channel;

Fig. 28 is a detail longitudinal section on the line, 2l-2|, of Fig. 27;

Fig. 29 is a view similar to Fig. 28 of a; still dlflerent style of bottom pivoted spring draw-bar;

Fig. 30 is a side view, on a smaller scale, of substantially the same portion of the longitudinal supporting side sill shown in Fig. 24;

Fig. 31 is a view similar to Fig. 29, showing a still diiierent style of draw-bar;

Fig. 32 is a similar upright-cross-sectlon to that along the line, 2222, of Fig. 24, showing, however, a difierent form of spring wheel truck;

Fig. 33 is a broken outside view of the rear end of the traction-truck, showing the arrangement of the wheel brake iulcrum rod:

Fig. 34 is a view similar to Fig. of the preferred spring draw-bar;

Fig. 35 is a front view of the draw-bar half round filler and its base plate, which form' the pivot oi the center pivoted draw-bar;

Fig. 36 is a detail, outside elevation of the swinging or drop axle boxing" shown in section in Fig. 32;

Fig. 37 is'a cross section through a narrow gauge traction truck between the center car belt and the car wheel hoods, showing more particulariy outside longitudinal supporting side sills, together with one method of supporting the car bottom and axle hoods;

I ditional means will heads, as follows: (A) traction truck; (B) floor structure; (C) end structures; and (D) upper structure.

The traction truck comprises (a) longitudinal side beams or side sills, (1)) end sills or end beams, (c) corner fastenings Joining the side beams to the end beams, (d) wheels and axles, and (e) axle boxings supported by the side beams.

The floor occupies the space enclosed by the side beams and the end beams and makes connections with the side beams and end beams, as will be explained further on.

The end structures are composed of the and beams and auxiliary bumper and coupler elements, as will be described further on.

The upper structure comprises the lading retaining walls extending upward from the side beams and the end beams. In the form of car shown (an end dump car), the end door Is a part of the upper structure.

The description of the complete car will be followed by a description of other forms of various parts of the car, such other forms being illustrated by Figs. 9 to 38, inclusive.

The fraction truck The longitudinal side sills consist, preferably, of common stock metal I-beams, I (Figs. 1, 2, 3, etc.); the rigid backing for the bumper being, preferably, metal ship-channels, 2. With the draw-bar, 3Il-I I, III-I2, over the bumper as in Figs. 2 and 5, the maximum tensile haulage strain necessarily comes in line with the upper flange of said ship channel, which, for heavy service, is preferably reinforced by the metal channel reinforcing strap, 3, of approximately, the width and length of the upper flange of said ship channel, to which it is suitably riveted. On the upper faces of the upper flanges of both I- beams, at both ends of the car, are preferably riveted to the corner connecting plates or bars, 4 (Fig. 4), which extend past the ends of the I-beams so as to rest flush on top of the ends of the upper flanges of the ship channels and under the ends of the said reinforcing straps, raised sufficiently for that purpose. The king rivets, 5. (Fig. 4) are then passed through the raised ends of the channel reinforcing straps, 3, through the projecting ends of the corner connecting bars, 4, and through the upper flanges of the said ship channels, 2. The tensile haulage strains delivered by the draw-bar against the upper flanges of the ship channels and the attached channel reinforcing straps, 3, will therefore subject the said king rivets to double shear.

Within the rectangular frame formed by the side beams and the end channels, in each corner of said frame, is an upright angle connection, 6, having one flange bearing against the inner face of the web of the adjacent side beam and having its other flange bearing against the inner or back face of the end channel member, 2, the flanges of said angle connections being riveted to the members against which they rest.

Thus the side beams, I, and the transverse ship channels, 2, are joined to one another. Ad-

bedescribed which serve to further strengthen the connection between the side beams and the ship channel.

Although the term, "ship channel" is employed, to indicate a preference, it is to be understood that by this term is meant such a channel as is shown in the drawings, with ample flanges having parallel inner horizontal wall surfaces that will support the bumper element, II, and permit it to compress in absorbing impact shock, without the pinching that would occur if the flange walls were tapered at their inner surfaces. The end channel, 2, is shown in Figs. 2, 5, 9, 13, 14, 18, 28, 29, 31, 34, and 38, to have the flanges and also the web plates of such proper form.

If the bumper channel, I6 (Fig. 5) for example, fits snugly within the end channel, 2, as shown, obviously, the bumper channel may be more readily inserted within the end channel, if the inner free edges of the flanges (those facing each other) are rounded, as shown, instead of being square. On the other hand, the end channel will, obviously, be stronger, if the outer corners, where the flanges and web plates meet, are square, as shown, instead of rounded.

For the smaller cars used in thin vein coal mining, a metal six inch I-beam is about the right size, and as it happens, just about gives a bumper which closely matches the height of the old all-wood bumper and yet gets the bottom of the bumper down to within say three and one half inches of the top of the rail, which is as close as is otherwise practicable. In the same way, for the heavier cars of this type, the eight inch I-beam is the right size, which also makes the top of the bumper flt the top of the old allwood bumper of this size car, while still putting this car bottom down within say four inches of the top of the rail.

While the longitudinal side sills of this tractiontruck may be constructed from other forms of structural steel or may be composed of sectional built-up or composite beams, it is preferred to use the common stock I-beams, as shown in the several drawings, and which are admirably adapted for the purpose.

The axles and wheels The frame composed of the side beams and the end members is supported by the two car axles, 66. The axles extend through the side beams or sills, I, I, so that each axle is above a part of the beams and below a 1, 2, 3, 23, 24, and 32). As described further on, the axles pass through axle boxings applied to the side beams or sills in alignment with openings in the side sills. Said axle boxings are also shown extending through openings in the side sills, as will be described further on.

On each axle are two wheels, SIS-A. In Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 32, the axles extend outward through the side beams and axle boxings and receive the wheels at the outer sides of the side $1115.

The axles are placed at opposite sides of and equidistant from the upright, transverse, middle plane of the car, the distances of the axles from that plane being so short as to leave a considerable part of each end of the car projecting beyond the axles, whereby the car is supported in three parts, one part being between the axles, another part being forward of the front axle, and another part being rearward of the rear axle. This arrangement places the wheels near each other relative to the length of the car and gives the car a short wheel base. To that feature, reference is again made further on.

The axle boxings are next described.

Axle boxings For the first form of axle boxings, reference is made to Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6, '7, and 8.

part of the beams (Figsl Owing to the severe strain on the axle boxings, when the wheels hit the horns in the tipple structure during the end-dumping operation, there is a tendency to shear off the axle boxing rivets, if the axle boxings are cast in halvw and merely riveted flatwise to the upright websof the I- beams. The rivet holes are necessarily somewhat larger than the rivets, in order that the rivets may be readily and quickly inserted, while hot. Necessarily therefore, when the rivets are cool there is a certain amount of play, which permits the starting of shearing action of the axle boxing on the rivets. This may be remedied by the improved removable interlocking axle boxing shown in Figs. .6, '1. and 8. In those drawings the axle boxing consists of the axle bearing proper, 88, (Figs. 6 and 8) at right angles to and in the center of a face plate, Bil-i, parallel to and fitting against the outer face of the vertical web of the I-beam I. Two horizontal angular webs, iii-2, one on either side of the axle bearing proper serve to reinforce the hearing. The face plate, as shown, extends down from the upper flange of the I- beam, i, to the lower flange of the said I-beam; the said face plate, and the adjacent vertical web of the I-b'eam being perforated to receive a suitable number of rivets, N, 65, to hold the axle boxing in place during service.

The axle bearing proper has a cylindrical inward extension, Bil-3, which just neatly flts the hole in the web of the I-beam prepared toreceive it, and which therefore may be termed the axle interlocking extension. (Figs. 7 and 8.) Fig. 7 shows the inner face of the I-beam. with this arrangement, therefore, the axle boxing interlocks directly with the web of the I-beam, and may be machined so as to secure what is termed, in bridge practice, the full pin value of the said inward extension, ill-I, of the axle bearing proper.

The axle bearing proper, ill, (Fig. 8) has preferably a broad wheel bearing or outside vertical face, as shown, the axle bearing proper being conical from said wheel bearing toward the face plate, ill-i, (Fig. 6) so as to give as broad a base as practicable, where the axle bearing proper merges into said face plate, the several parts of the axle boxing herein described being cast in one piece.

For the heaviest service, cast steel boxings are preferable, but for medium or light service properly designed cast iron boxings are sufficient. For rigid cast steel axle boxings rivets are preferable. The cooling strains incident to riveting may, however, result in the fracture of cast iron axle boxings, so that, with cast iron boxings, bolts and lock-nuts are preferable. Cast iron axle boxings should be readily removable as shown, in case of breakage. If made of cast iron secured by bolts and lock-nuts, the axle boxing, if broken or worn out, may be removed and replaced by a new one. i

There may be a reinforcing plate, 6!, (Figs. '1 and 8) on the inner side of the I-beam, and in a position corresponding to the axle boxing face plate, iii-i, (see dotted lines,lil, Fig. 6), the cylindrical inward extension, -3, of the axle bearing proper also extending through said reinforcing plate (see Fig. 8). The reinforcing plate, I, will tend to compensate for the metal removed to permit the insertion of the axle, 6B, and axle boxing rivets, and will, in addition, give a double shear value to the rivets. The inner reinforcing plate, 8 I ,may, however, be entirely omitted (see 1'18. 21)

An oiling duct, 61, (Fig. 6) may be conveniently placed in the axle bearing proper, just above the angular web, "-2, and slanting downward, as shown. In practice, however, it is usually found that sufllcient oil leaks in from the adjacent loose wheels to answer the purpose of lubricating the axle boxing. In this connection it is to be remembered that, preferably, the axles are to be given only a slow turning in these bearings.

Azletubcs A tube surrounding the axle is of advantage in several ways. If the tube, I", (Fig. 20) is connected with what may be termed the inner axle bearing, 62, by means of the pipe coupling, ill, the I-beams will be rigidly held in place under the compressive haulage strains. In addition to such bracing action by the axle tube, it may prevent downward dentlng of the crown of the axle deflector, 9-2, by rock or large lumps of coal falling on said crown. Thus the axle tube serves to brace the side beams and to protect the axle.

Car floor or bottom The car floor or bottom is preferably formed of horizontal metal plates and axle covers or deflectors and bumper end structure deflectors. The horizontal plates are the approximately rectangular metal plates, l-l, 1-2 and 1-! (Fig. 1, etc.) also herein termed spacedapart lading bottom portions.

The end edges of the plates are shown bearing against the lower parts of the I-beams and riveted to said parts of said beams, and the plate, (-3, underlapping the lower flange of the rear end channel, 2, and being riveted to said flange. The forward corners of the traction truck are further reinforced on the under side by the metal corner bottom plates, 8, the space between the bottom sheet, l-i, and the front bumper being fllled by the metal bumper deflector plate, 9-4; the metal front axle deflector plate, 9-1, filling the space between the forward bottom plate, 1-l, and the middle bottom plate, 1-2; the metal rear axle deflector plate, 9-3, filling the space between the middle bottom plate, I- 1, and the rear bottom plate, 1-3; the several parts of the traction-truck being riveted or otherwise suitably attached together. It is to be noted that the spaced-apart lading bottom portions, 1-4, 1-2, 1-3 (Fig. 1) are approximately horizontal, whereas the bumper deflector plate, 9-l, and the axle deflector plates, 8-2, 8-3, also serve as lading bottom or floor portions, but may, obviously, also be termed, for the purpose of distinction. lading bottom or floor portions which are inclined longitudinally of the car.

Where the service is unusually severe, the traction-truck will be somewhat stronger, if it is completely sheeted over on the under side from end to end with plates like the plates, 'l-l, 1-2, 1-], or such a single plate. the deflector plates in such construction serving mainly as deflector plates. But substantial economy in material w ll be gained by so designing the deflector plates that they will also serve as parts of the traction truck bottom or floor, where the service for which the particular car is designed, permits.

With cradle dump minecars, the tractiontruck is also preferably sheeted over at the under side from end to end, the deflecto plates proper being omitted, and other members being substituted, as described further on.

suitably united.

Deflector plates There are two main varieties of deflector plates: (flrst) the forward or bumper deflector plate, and (second) two axle deflector plates, both of which latter are preferably of exactly the same dimensions and construction for the sake of economy in shop work.

The forward or bumper deflector plate, 9--I (Fig. 1, etc.), is inclined at such an angle with the horizontal, say twenty degrees when the car is level, that the said bumper deflector plate will be sufliciently inclined forward when the car is in the end-dumping position, usually forty flve degrees, that the car standing on the forty flve degree pitch will, with certainty under adverse conditions, start the coal that is on the bumper deflector plate. Therefore a twenty degree bumper deflector plate, when in the dumping position will have a pitch of twenty flve degrees, ample for the purpose indicated. Coal, once started on a twenty five degree pitch, will not of itself come to rest on that pitch, which, for coal on sheet iron, is very nearly the angle 'of repose.

The lower, rear edge of the bumper deflector plate, 9I (see Fig. is preferably riveted to the upper forward face of the forward bottom plate, 1I; and the forward upper end of the said deflector plate is extended over the channel reinforcing strap, 3 (see also Fig. 4), and suitably riveted, together with the said channel reinforcing strap. to the upper flange of the front end channel, 2.

The lower, rear edges of the two axle deflector plates, 9-2 and 93, are also, preferably, riveted to the upper, forward faces of the corresponding bottom plates, 1-2 and 13, this being similar to the attachment of the bumper deflector plate, 9I, last above described.

The axle deflector plates, as shown, are to be regarded as deflector plates proper, and they may also be termed axle hoods. In order to avoid the lading binding against the axle, and thus preventing the axle from rotating in its bearings, each deflector plate proper is preferably extended up over its axle and back down partially around the axle to a vertical position from which it is extended downward to meet the adjacent bottom plate, and then bent forward at right angles (see Ill-I, Fig. '7) so as to rest on the bottom plate to which it is suitably attached, as by riveting.

Thus the axle deflector plates usually consist of two structural features or parts, to wit: the sloping or inclined axle deflector plates proper, 8-2 (Fig. 7), and the axle hoods, IO-I, which two parts may of course be made separately and Axle hoods In the case of cars dumping sidewise, sloping deflector plates, properly speaking, will not be required. The axle hoods will, however, be required to keep the lading from so binding the axles as to prevent their turning.

Axle hoods, properly speaking, preferably consist of an inverted U-shape trough (see dotted lines Ill-2, Fig. 6). The complete axle hood required or suited for sidewise dumping cars is preferably supported and reinforced in the same manner as above explained regarding the axle deflector plates.

Crown reinforcing Where the car is to receive large pieces of rock, (in the absence of the axle tubes, Ill, above described (Fig. 20)) the crown of the axle deflector plates may be so dented as to bear on the axle underneath and prevent the axle from turning. To avoid such denting, each plate may be reinforced, as by a long concave metal strip, I36, (Fig. 24) parallel to and resting on said crown, and riveted thereto, and extending over at least a material part of the length of the crown. This reinforcing plate may be placed against the under face instead of on the upper face of said crown.

The I-bcams, I, as already stated, must be held rigidly in line, under compressive haulage strains to insure the development of their full strength. This may be accomplished in a number of ways. For example, the lower bend of the forward part of the deflector plate, 9-2, (Fig. 7) in combination with the rear edge of the center bottom plate, 1-2, riveted to the lower flange or the I-beam, I, and said lower bend being riveted to the plate, 1-2, make a most eficient angular cross brace, sufficient to insure the maximum strength of the I-beam in so far as its lower flange is concerned. It, therefore, is only necessary to insure the correct alinement of the upper flange of the said I-beam. That may be done in several ways.

As shown in Figs. 7 and 10, the angle plate, I31, (also dotted lines, I31, Fig. 3) is riveted to the vertical (forward) face of the axle deflector plate, 92. The other leg of the said angle plate is placed in position against the inside reinforcing plate, BI, and riveted by the same rivets, 64, as are used for the inside reinforcing plate, 8|, thus holding the web of the said I-beam in the desired position, and causing the alinement of the upper flange of the I-beam.

The same result may be obtained simply by means of the I-beam or side sill bridle, I38, (Fig. 10 and Fig. 32) consisting of the main upper bridle, I38, and the lower bridle, Ila-I. The upper bridle has one end turned over and down and back under the upper, outer I-beam flange edge, suitably fitted to securely engage the edge of said flange. From this point, the said upper bridle passes over the said upper flange, resting on the same, until the inner edge of said flange is reached, at which point it is turned down sharply, at say an angle of forty-five degrees to the horizontal, till it meets the crown of the axle deflector plate, at which point it is again bent horizontally. It is then also bent transversely, so as to conform to the curved crown or upper face of the said axle deflector plate, to which it is securely riveted. Evidently the upper I-beam or side sill bridle, I38, may be extended clear across the crown of the said angle deflector plate to form the axle deflector plate brace, I36 (Fig. 24) previously described.

The lower part, Illa-I, of the I-beam bridle, I38, (Fig. 10) is shown as abutting against the upper edge of the reinforcing plate, 6|, from which point it is extended horizontally until it meets the under sloping face of the upper part of the bridle, at which point it is bent downward to conform to the slope of the said upper part, to which it is then securely riveted.

The said lower part of the bridle is not particularly essential, as the sharp bend in the-upper part, at the upper, inner I-beam flange edge will evidently keep the upper part of the I-beam from creeling or turning inward. In cases where the inside reinforcing plate, I36, is not used, the outer edge of the lower part of the bridle. if used, will of course be extended still further outward The axle deflector plates may also to the web of the I-beam by an angle connection,

I39, (Fig. 24) riveted to the deflector plate and to the I-beam web.,

A wood plank bottom in a traction-truck of this type usually necessitates a certain amount of added cross bracing, necessarily of metal to insure the alinement of the side sills under stress.- The labor construction costs on small cross bracing is a relatively large item. Thick sheet metal flooring extended over the under side of the truck and secured to the side sills, will serve as a reinforcing and cross-bracing bottom, will reduce the labor costs on the cross bracing, will make a stronger truck, and will give the car an increased capacity, and has the further advantage, where he lading is wet slack, as often enough happens, of more readily and completely emptyin the car of its lading than is done with a wood bottom.

The wood bottom may be made slightly cheaper than the sheet metal bottom, but the wood bottom can not well be made less than say one and one half inches thick, the bottom plank resting on the upper faces of the inner lower I-beam flanges, say one-half inch thick. By riveting say one-quarter inch sheet iron on the lower side of the bottom flanges, there-is gained a depth of say two inches lading capacity, which of itself will more than offset any slight difference in cost that may be in favor of the wood-bottom truck.

Axle deflector supports The main features of the end structures, comprising the channel, 2, and associated members, present in the car of Figs. 1 and 2, will now be described by reference to Figs. 1, 2, 4, and 5.

The simplest and most inexpensive form of spring bumper probably. comprises several approximately parallel wood springs, flat ,wood strips, iil, lI-2, "-4, and "-4, on edge, c. with their greatest transverse dimension parallel to the vertical web of the end channel, I.

The ends of the wood spring, lI-l, next the said' channel web rest against wood blocks, "-4,

(Fig. 4) and between it and the vertical channel web. In the same way, the ends of the wood springs, I l-2 and "-4, rest on the wood blocks, iI--2, and "-3, respectively, similarly placed. No wood block is however provided for the wood spring, "-4, as its ends should come to a bearing against the next inner wood spring, I |-3, before the thrust against the center of the bumper forces the center of the inner spring, ll'-l, against the adjacent vertical face of the channel web.

To hold the four wood springs in place against the and channel, four bumper bolts also herein termed bumper holding bolts, are provided, the two center bumper bolts being, "-4, and the two end bumper bolts being, "-1, (Fig. 4) The four bumper bolts are placed in the vertical centers of the four wood springs and the end chanbe attached nel. The two center bumper bolts are at right angles to the end channel and to the wood springs. The two end bumper bolts are approximately at right angles to the curved face of the bumper, and thus at an oblique angle with the channel and the angle member, 6, and the two for the purpose indicated.

The wood springs are preferably shaped to form, when assembled, such longitudinally curved surface as may be desired for the service (see Fig. 4). In order to protect the outer vertical faces of the assembled wood springs, as well as in part to retain the wood springs in place, the metal bumper face strap, ll, (of a width approximately equal to the depth of the wood springs) is placed on the front face of the assembled wood springs, and curved to fit said front face, (see Fig. 4)

The bumper center plate, Ii, (Fig. 4) which may be termed the bumper proper, is of substantially the usual construction, curved horizontally and U-shape in vertical cross section. As said plate, Ii, forms an approximate arch and is therefore non-flexible, it is preferably as short horizontally as is practicable ,for the purpose. The upper and lower faces of said center bumper plate, ii, are spaced to embrace the bumper face strap, I4, and the four wood springs above referred to, and yet pass between the upper and lower flanges of the end channel, 2, (see also Fig. 5) without undue friction, which upper and lower flanges therefore serve as a guide to permit the spring bumper to be pressed inward, and yet prevent the bumper from being forced upward or downward.

The bumper side plates, it, which may be two or more in number, are similar in cross section to the bumper center plate, II, but relatively short horizontally, and preferably united to the bumper face strap, II, by the double countersunk rivet, II, (at right in Fig. 4) The bumper side plates, It, also embrace the wood springs and pass between the upper and lower flanges of the end channel, 2, as in the case of the bumper center plate, It, as previously explained.

Evidently with the said wood springs, the said bumper face trap, I, with its attached bumper side plates, the wood spring blocks, and the bumper center plate, IS, all in place, the insertion of the said four bumper bolts, l8--I and li -2, will only require the screwing on of the four bumper bolt nuts, Bll (Fig. 4), to hold the spring bumper in place during service. The removal of the four bumper bolt nuts, will permit the removal of the entire spring bumper, and its replacement when renewed or repaired, or its replacement by some other similar form of spring or solid bumper.

Broken wood springs can be readily replaced by new ones; or a block or blocks may be placed in the center, between the spring, il-l, and the vertical web of the end channel, 2, and of the same thickness as the end blocks, lll,. thus converting the wood spring bumper into a solid wood bumper.

The wood springs are preferably tapered to bend near their ends, instead of near the center bumper bolts, lI-l, thus minimizing the tendency of the springs to break at said center bumper bolts.

In going around curves, in compression, the compressive haulage strain results in a sidewise thrust tending to force the bumpers to slide lon gitudinally along the face of the end channel. Hence the object in placing the two end bumper bolts at a substantial angle to the end channel, 2, is to tend. to counteract this sliding tendency of the bumpers, which, however, is more directly overcome or resisted by means of the two end bumper plates, I8. These plates, I8, are U-shape in cross-section and extend between and are secured to the upper and lower flanges of the cross r end channel, 2. The vertical connecting part of the end bumper plate, I0, is that shown in in the right of Fig. 4.

As the wood springs are not designed to bend materially between the center bumper bolt holes, they may be spiked or nailed or otherwise suitably attached together, thus fcrrning practically a solid wood bumper when the spring bumper finally comes to rest against the cross end channel, 2. I

There is actually less wood in the wood springs, than in the wood beam out of which a solid wood bumper is hewed. While the smaller sizes are also cheaper than the larger size solid member, the labor costs of the spring bumper about offset the saving in material, thus leaving the cost of the two substantially the same. For this reason, both bumpers are shown flexible in Fig. 1, although evidently one bumper may be made flexible and the other solid, if preferred.

While the foregoing end structure description applies to the end structure at either end of the car, the draw-bars are so associated with the end sill, 2, as to become parts of the end structure. At the rear end of the car, a rigid drawbar is made a part of the end structure in a manner to also brace the end channel, 2. At the front end of the car, a spring draw-bar is made a part of the end structure in a manner to also brace the end channel, 2. The rigid draw-bar at the rear end of the car and the spring drawbar at the front end of the car will be described further on.

section Traction truck bracing It has been convenient, for the purpose of illustration, to show the flanges of the end channel, 2, (Fig. 5) for example, of such a width that it may be obvious that the bumper channel, I5, is suitably supported in working position, and yet slidable longitudinally of the car when the spring,

II-I, "-2, "-3, "-4, is in compression, as when a trip of cars is being pushed uphill.

Where the service is severe, it is important to brace the end channels at or near the center, thus obviating the necessity for excessive increase in-the dimensions of the end channels. This center bracing incidentally serves other useful purposes. However, it is not wished to restrict the invention to center bracing as the only means of taking care of the heavier haulage strains incident to more severe service; nor to the relative dimensions of end channel shown in the drawings, selected as convenient for purpose of illustration.

It has already been stated that the bumper deflector, 9-l. is joined to the upper part of the forward end channel, 2, whereby the entire upper part of that channel is braced or reinforced. It has also been stated that the floorplate, |3 (Figs. 1 and 2) is secured to the lower part of the rear end channel, 2, whereby all the lower part of said channel is braced or reinforced.

As shown in Fig. 2, the draw-bars, 30-", 30-I2, reinforce the upper member of the rear end channel, 2. The lower member of said rear channel may be further reinforced by means of a strip of sheet metal, I30, also herein termed a lading bottom end member, riveted to the upper face of the rear floor plate or sheet, l-3, the rear end of said strip of sheet metal abutting against the lower vertical face of said channel, 2, at which point said strip may be bent upward, as shown, to give a better bearing (Fig. 2). The said strip of sheet metal, I30, is placed in the transverse center of the car and preferably extends forward at least to the forward end of the upper draw-bar member, 30-I I, in order that it may be suitably riveted thereto as shown (see also dotted lines, I30, Fig. 1).

-The front end channel, 2, is preferably reinforced, top and bottom, in much the same way. As shown in Fig. 5, the inclined angle irons, I3I, one on either side of the spring draw-bar, 30-I, 30-2, brace the upper flange of the front end channel against compression, in the same way the rear draw-bar braces the rear channel. Said angle irons, I3I, are riveted to the under side of the bumper deflector plate, B-I, and abut at their forward ends against the upper rear face of the front end channel, 2. The upper flange of the front end channel is, as already stated, reinforced against tensile haulage strains, by the bumper deflector plate, 9-] riveted thereto.

The lower flange of the front end channel is similarly reinforced against compression by the horizontal angle irons, I32, one on either side of said spring draw-bar, 30-I, 30-2. In order in part to maintain the said horizontal iron, I32, suitably in place, it is riveted to a flat strip, I33, the front end of which isin turn riveted to the under side of the lower flange of the front end channel while the rear end of said strip abuts against the front edge of the front bottom plate, 'I-I. A connecting plate, I34, overlapping and riveted to both said strip and plate, 'l-I, serves also as a brace against tensile haulage strains.

The inclined angle iron, I3 I and the horizontal angle iron, I32, may to advantage be riveted together at their overlapping rear ends as shown. Both the said angle irons may to advantage be so placed as to formlateral guides for the said spring draw-bar, 30-I, 30-2. The lower horizontal angle iron, as shown, serves as the pin seat for the draw-bar pivot pin, 32. (Figs. 4 and 5.)

The thrust of the lading against the bumper deflector plate, Q-l, when the car is being dumped endwise would tend to bend said platein the direction of said thrust, were it not for the inclined angle bar supports, I3l, previously referred to. The axle deflector-plates proper, 3-2 and 3-3, (Figs. 1 and '7) should also be reinforced, preferably by similar inclined angle bar supports, I35, riveted on the under side of the said axle deflector plates, and also running channel reinforcing strap, 3, may be omitted for medium or light service.

Rigid draw-bars Both the front and rear draw-bars may be either spring or rigid draw-bars, as may be desired, for any particular service. 'l'bi' general 'use howevenin part on the score of economy, one

angle connecting bar, 51. Theme!" ends of the to each other, and maintained the distance apart rigidmembers, Il-ll and ll-II, are parallel suitable for the service, by any suitable draw-bar filler, as I! (Fig. 2). The draw-bar flller, II, is retained in place by the rivet, 3I", passing through both draw-bar members. At a suitable point from the upper rear end, the upper member is bent forward and downward, at say an angle of forty flve degrees, until it reaches the car bottom, at which point it is again bent forward so as to rest on the car bottom or car bottom bracins.to eitheroi'whlclnasthecasemaybeltis suitably riveted. Figs. 1 and 2 show said member resting on. the plate, I, and secured by rivets extending through the member and the plate, ill, and the floor plate, 'l3, as described under- Traction truck bracing.

The upper rear end of the lower rear member, "-12, rests on the upper face of the end channel reinforcing strap, I, at the forward edge of which it is bent downward. at right angles, so as to bear against the forward face of the rear channel and extend downward well past the vertical center of the said end channel.

The upper rigid member, Il-li, is so placed that the forward and downward extension thereof bears against the right angle turn in the lower rigid member, Ill-42, and thus forming an angle of approximately forty five degrees with the lower end of said lower rigid bar. The angle connecting bar, I, is so bent that it flts neatly into this forward and downward extending angle between the two rigid bar members, and is of such length that the forward leg of the angle connecting bar, l1. may be securely riveted to the sloping portion of the upper rigid member, while the rear vertical leg of said angle connecting bar, 51, may also be securely riveted to the vertical portion of the lower member and also to the end chbnnel, I, all substantially as shown in Fig. 2. Thus the upright parts of the draw-bar Ill-i2, and the angle bar 51. form vertical end thrust Evidently, the upper rigid bar member as shown, may bemade to utilize the strength of the car bottom, 1-3, as well as the strength of the end channel, 2, in resisting the tensile haulage strains; whereas, when the haulage strains become compressive, the improved rigid drawbar, as shown, serves equally as a most admirable brace to the upper flange of the end-channel.

The width between the I-beams, which preferably form the longitudinal side sills of the improved traction truck, will seldom be less than say three feet, while the steel bottom should be about-one. quarter inch sheet steel, and thus equivalent to a bar of steel say four inches wide and say two and one quarter inches thick. with this bottom sheet properly riveted or otherwise secured in place in relation to the side beams, it is evidently a most substantial r element of strength to which the bumper and draw-bar may be very properly attached and braced when dethese reasons the rigid draw-bar may also be correctly designated as of the reinforcing drawbar type.

Bottom pivoted draw-bars The double draw-bar has been selected for the purpose of illustration, but may be single as in Figs. 29 and 31. The rather simple front spring draw-bar, shown in Fig. 5, consists of the upper member, "-4, and the lower member, "-4, preferably united by the double counter-sunk rivet, 8|. The lower end of the upper member is looped around the draw-bar pivot-pin 32. Both the upper and lower members are preterably so bent that the drawbar will come to rest, when pulled forward, on the half-round filler, SI, which rests on the base plate, II, secured to and arranged at the upper rear corner of the channel, 2. (Figs. 5 and 35.)

The upper and lower members (Fig. 5) begin to separate at say forty five degrees. at the point where they pass around the upper edge of the said halfround tiller, 1!. The drawwbar flller, It, is laced between thesaidupper and lower draw-bar members where they begin to spread, the said draw-bar flller being of such width that the two said draw-bar members are the distance apart desired for the suitable operation of the link coupling held in place by the coupling pin, 36. The said drawbar filler is retained in place by means of the rivet, I1, passing through both the draw-bar members. The said rivet, 31, may also have a short section of pipe, It, around it and between the draw-bar members to further insure the exact distance apart desired.

Both the upper and lower draw-bar members are so bent, when they are pulled to their extreme forward position, and thus rest against the said half-round flller, If, the forward portions of said upper and lower draw-bar members are parallel to each other and also parallel to the channel reinforclng strap, 3, upon which the lower-draw-bar member rests.

The coil spring, I, is so placed about midway vertically of the end channel, I, that the rear end of the said coil spring bears against the nearly vertical portion of said double draw-bar. About midway between the said half-round filler, It, and the draw-bar pivot 32 (as shown in Figs. 4 and 5) the said coil spring, 3!, passes through the end channel. I, through the circular hole, ll 2, in the channel (see also Fig. 12), the front end of said coil spring bearing against the bearing plate, ll, attached to the inner wood spring, ll-l.

In order to maintain the said coil spring, 39, in its proper relation to the several parts, a circular angle bearing plate, Ii I, is placed at either end of said coil spring. The coil spring pin, ll, is shown inserted in a suitable recess in said double draw-bar and in a corresponding recess in said bearing plate, II, and through the centers of the said circular angle bearing plates, ll I.

The coil spring, ll, thus serves a double purpose, in that, under compressive haulage strains, it reinforces the spring action of the wood spring bumper, while under tensile haulage strains, the said spring serves to give a spring action also to the double draw-bars. The hole, I I2, in the end channel, 2, necessitated by the coil spring, (see Fig. 12) will not materially weaken said channel, particularly for light service.

With the lower end of the double draw-bar pivoted for bodily rocking, during such rocking there is a change of angular relation between the draw-bar and spring and the rear circular angle plate, 4| I, to accommodate which the face of the rear circular angle bearing plate, I, is made suitably conical, as are the holes in which the coil spring pin, 4|, rests, the middle portion of the said coil spring pin, 4|, being made of a larger diameter than the holes in the angle bearing plates, 4| I, so that the pin cannot drop out. (Fig. 4.)

The bumper deflector plate 9-I (Fig. 5) is slotted in the center to permit the desired backward and forward action of the upper part of the double draw-bar. The lower pivoted end of the double draw-bar is held between parallel stationary guides, I32, provided in part for that purpose, and through which the draw-bar pivot pin, 32, is passed. Once the several parts are in place, the insertion of the said pivot pin will evidently insure their being maintained in working position during service; and the removal of the draw-bar pivot pin will permit the removal of the several parts. Upper structure The upper structure comprises the ladlng retaining walls and the side floors extending laterally from and supported by the side beams.

In order to gain capacity, the side ladlng body has heretofore been so placed below the top of the Wheels as to require wheel hoods over the wheels to permit their rotation in service. This arrangement is seriously objectionable for several reasons, one of which is, the wheels cannot be removed until the axles are punched or pushed out, which is not always readily done. Then, too, when a car is derailed, workmen cannot, on account of the low sides, get under the car to ,rerail the car.

The belts or binders, usually threeor four in number, are so bent and placed as to support and give the ladlng holding body its desired shape and position. These belts are usually all bent near enough alike, so that the car has substantially the same transverse cross section throughout.

With the improved traction truck, a large portion of what may be termed the ladlng holding body is that portion of the car outside, and usually above, the traction truck.

The improved wheel-recessed wing ladlng holding body, a, has a middle transverse cross section sufllciently high off the rails to permit the ready removal of the wheels, in the usual manner, without changing the position of the axles. This same transverse cross section is preferably maintained either way from the center to such a distance on either side of the wheels as will leave ample outward clearance for the wheels, without the hindrance offered by axle hoods. This also gives the workmen chance to get under the center of the car where work is needed to be done, in order to rerail the car. This arrangement also gives room between the wheels for the usual style wooden brake block, which cannot well be used in connection with wheel hoods.

As shown injig. 2, the improved ladlng holding body has, at each side of the car, a front belt, IIII, a center belt, I5llI, and ayrearbelt, ISO-2, (Figs. 2 and 3).

The lower, upright part of each belt rests flatwise against the outer face of the web of the adjacent I-beam, I, and bears against the adjacent lower flange and against the adjacent upper flange of the I-beam. At said upper flange, each belt is bent outward, the middle belts, ISIi-I, being bent .outward only far enough to be bent upward across the upper flange, and the other belts being extended horizontally from said upper flange farther than is the case with the belts, ISO-I, as will be described further on. The part of each belt which lies between the I- beam flanges and against the web of the I-beam is secured to the I-beam by means of a transverse bracket plate, I56, lying against the outer face of the belt and being bent to lie against said web. Said bracket plate is secured by means of rivets, I51, extending through said plate and said belt and the web of the I-beam and through said plate and said web (Figs. 2 and 15).

The center belt, I5Iii, is extended upward from the outer edge of the upper I-beam flange into a horizontal plane sufliciently high to clear the tops of the wheels the desired distance. Thence said belt is extended outward, horizontally to the desired lateral mine clearance. There it is bent upward to the desired vertical mine clearance.

The two parts of the ladlng holding body which extend over the wheels, on either side, (see Fig. 3), are usually termed the wings of the car. As it so happens, the top of the I-beam will, under usual conditions, be about as low as the wings of the car can safely be made. The front and rear belts, I50 and I6II2, are therefore preferably extended outward horizontally at the level of the top flange of the I-beam, similar to the special reinforced belt, I50-3, (Fig. 15) (this extension being outward as far as the outward extension of the belts, IBll-I), and thence upward to the height of the belts, lid-I. Thus, in each of these four belts, I50 and I50-2, there is a saving of two bends compared with the belts, I50I. 'I'hus the outer, upright parts of the belts, at each side of the car, are in a common plane which is upright and parallel to the length of the car. And it is to be noted that the horizontal parts of the belts, I50 and ISO-2, are approximately at the height of the upper flange of the end channel, 2, or the reinforcing strap, 3, resting flatwise on said flange; for said parts of said belts and said flange or strap are each approximately at the height of the upper flanges of the I-beams. This feature is to be further mentioned in connection with the provision for the discharge of the ladlng when the car is of the end-dump kind.

Owing to the difference in the heights of the wings of the improved ladlng holding body above the wheels and forward and rearward of the wheels (see Fig. 2), the wings may be said to be longitudinally recessed upward in the center, and may therefore be said to be wheel recessed. Owing to this longitudinal recess in the center. the sheet metal lining of the wings cannot well be made out of one piece bent to conform to the shape of the belts, but is preferably made out of say three strips of sheet metal; the upright, outside strip, I5I, the center horizontal strip, I52, and the upright, inside strip, I53. (Figs. 2 and 3.)

The lower part of each upright, outside strip or sheet, I5I, is preferably as long as the side beams and recessed to give the desired clearance for both wheels and having its lower edge resting on the three adjacent belts and rising to the height of said belts, as heretofore described. The center horizontal strip or sheet, I52, is preferably as long as the side beams and so bent that its outer, side edge will meet the lower edge of the sheet, I5I, and will rest on the three belts.

The strip or sheet of metal made by recessing the outside sheet, I5l, will evidently be of correct shape to serve as the inside strip, I53, so that the improved wheel recessed car wings do not involve any waste of sheet metal in the cutting.

The sheets, I5I, I52 and I53, are ioined.to each other by angle irons, I54 and I55. These angle irons, I55 and I55, are bent to conform to the lower edge of the outside strip or sheet, I5I, above described. The vertical flanges of the angle irons, I54, extend upward from their horizontal flanges, whereas, with the angle irons, I55, the vertical flanges remain below thehorizontal flange (Fig. 3).

With the several parts suitably assembled, it evidently only remains to rivet or otherwise suitably attach the several parts I the belts and sheets and angle irons) together.

As above stated, the horizontal parts of the belts, I56 and I5II-2, are at approximately the height of the upper flange of the end channels. 2. Hence the ends of the sheets, I52, and said channel flange, are in approximately the same horizontal plane. Hence a sheet, aI, of parallelogram form may rest on the rear channel, 2, and the adjacent ends, of the wing sheets, I52, and meet the outer sheets, I5I, and be suitably secured to the adjacent members.

At the front end of the car, a door a2, of parallelogram form is similarly placed relative to the channel and the sheets, I52, and the outer sheets, I5I, and attached to arms a3, placed beside the outer sheets, I5I, and coupled thereto at al, to permit lifting the door, as by engagement of a hook 415, supported on the door, as already known in this art.

when the car is tilted and the door is opened, the lading will discharge over the bumper deflector, 9-I, and over the forward ends of the wing sheets, I52. The rear slope of said sheets is to be such as will allow rearward lading to slide forward during dumping, as described of the axle deflectors.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the haulage strains, both tensile and compressive, are transmitted through the truck and not through the upper structure, the belts and the sheets of the upper structure containing only enough metal to impart strength to support the lading, the upper structure being, therefore, adapted to yield to abnormal strains in excess of strains to be resisted for supporting the lading.

For convenience in designating or describing the position of the lading floor or lading bottom relative to the axles or the journals which are supported by the car wheels, the term axle plane, is herein applied to the horizontal plane which cuts or is closely associated with said journals, the lading floor or a substantial part thereof being below that plane. In the particular form shown by the drawings, this "axle plane" cuts the side sills between the upper and the lower parts of said sills.

It is to be noted that the car floor or bottom is so supported and secured in the body of the car as to adapt it to remain in stationary or fixed position relative to the "axle plane" during operation of the car-during the loading and transporting and unloading of the car, the unloading being effected by tilting the entire car bodily and discharging the lading from the car by the action of gravity. Accordingly it is to be understood that, as used in the claims, "stationary floor means a floor which is supported and secured and remains in position during operation or service as above described. Thus used, the term, "stationary floor or "stationary bottom" excludes cars from which lading is discharged by gravity by displacing the floor relative to the axle plane.

Regarding the lading floor or bottom which lies entirely or in part below the horizontal axle plane, the term, "sub-axle floor or bottom is applicable and is so used in some of the following claims, that term being used to distinguish from the old type mine cars in which the lading bottom is above and extends across the axles. The deflectors which guide the lading over the axles and to or over the end structure are to be regarded as parts of the car floor or bottom.

In mine car practice, the ends of the car are provided with means for Joining or connecting the car to other cars to form trains or trips". This means for joining cars is ordinarily mentioned as "coupling" for the cars. In these cars provision is also made for taking impact or pressure when cars are driven or pressed against one another. Such means are ordinarily called bumpers" or bumper means. In this application several forms of means for performing these two functions are shown and described, the means for the two functions being in part combined structurally. To these means it is appropriate to apply the term, bumper and coupling means, and in some of the following claims that term is used with that meaning.

In mine cars of this general type, it is desirable to place the car axles sufficiently near each other to divide the length of the car into three parts, a middle part located between the axles and an end part reaching away from each axle, whereby the space between the wheels at each side of the car is relatively limited and makes what is termed a short wheel base. For load distribution this positioning of the axles is desirable. Producing a short wheel base by this positioning is also desirable, because, as already herein stated, such a car having a short wheel base can better traverse short curves in such rail tracks as are ordinarily in service at mines. Furthermore, placing these axles to form a short wheel base, removes the wheels from the ends of the car where they will not interfere with the coupling and bumper means when cars are to be connected for operation as trains or trips". By reference to the drawings, it will be seen that in the improved car the axles and wheels are placed as above described. And this placing of the axles may be defined as placing them in upright transverse planes which are between the upright transverse middle plane of the car and the ends of the car. It is also to be observed that an upright, transverse plane between either end of the car and the adjacent wheels, and near said wheels, will cut a part of the sub-axle lading floor or bottom lying below the axle plane. Hence it is appropriate to define these wheels and axles as being grouped between two upright, transverse planes cutting portions oi the sub-axle lading floor lying below the axle plane.

The foregoing discussion has included conditions and problems encountered in the construction and operation of mine cars, and has proceeded far enough to assemble parts to constitute a complete car embodying this invention.

Continuation of the discussion will relate further to such conditions and problems and to other forms of structure of parts adapted to be put into a mine car embodying this invention.

Capacity In mining practice, the out-to-out" dimensions of the mine cars are definitely limited by the condltions existing underground. Hence the principal and fundamental object of any improved mine car is the attaining of the greatest lading capacity practicable for a given set of "out-toout dimensions, which, as in railroad work, is absolutely essential to attaining the lowest possible operating costs.

In mining it is rather the vertical and transverse out-to-out" dimensions that are limited by the underground conditions, although the lengths of the mine cars are also to some degree limited by the working conditions. For the same vertical and transverse out-to-out dimensions, the improved traction truck will be seen to give quite a material gain in capacity.

When working thin veins of coal, in order to use cars of any substantial capacity, the common mine cars having plank floors must employ planks made so thin that the cars cannot be made more than say ten feet over all length, in order to avoid the excessive bending or breaking of the bottom planks. However, a twelve foot car is thoroughly practical otherwise, and self evidently the improved traction truck can be made any length that can be gotten around in the mines. The twelve foot car for thin veins will hold closely twice as much as the old style all wood ten foot car. thus cutting haulage costs into halves while reducing other items of cost quite materially owing to the larger tonnage that can be handled in a, given number of hours, suificient to pay for an entire new mine car equipment in a relatively short time.

Cars that can be made high enough off the rail to admit of thick wood bottoms are now made twelve feet in length, but there are a number of reasons for believing that fifteen i'oot cars will be found thoroughly practicable as soon as it is demonstrated that their construction can be made such that they will stand the service. A few fifteen foot cars have already been built and are in service. Even with thick wood bottoms the longer car shows proportionately greater gain in capacity.

Further: traction truck With the old type all-woodcar. the bottom of the bumper is the top of the plank forming the car bottom, which latter rests above the axle so that the top of the bumper is quitehigh off the rail. With this traction truck, the bottom of the car is brought down as close to the track as is otherwise practicable, the bumper being, therefore, to protect this bottom equally close to the track. Therefore; inorder that the truck may work in with other mine car equipment, the bumper should be as high off the rail as the old type bumpers and also as close to the track as the car bottom, thus giving about twice the bumper depth heretofore in use: which, however, is manifestly 'of itself an advantage, in that it will materially reduce the tendency of the bumpers to slide under or over each other.

Belts The recess in the side of the I-beam formed by the top and bottom flanges offers a convenient method for reinforcing the front and rear belts.

The simplest form of reinforcing consists in turning back the lower end of the belt, I5B3, (Fig. 15), up until it again meets the outer horizontal portion of the same, to which it may be suitably riveted.

The belt however, may be attached to the inside of the I-beam, (see Hill-5, Fig. 16), and then bent upward around the inner edge of the upper flange, and thence back again horizontally. A secondary reinforcing 'belt I5il-6, is preferably riveted to the outside of the I-beam, and then bent outward, at the upper flange, to meet the main belt, to which it is then bent.

The front and rear belts (see l5fl--1, Fig. 17) may also extend down from the top of the lading holding body wings, to the level of the lower 1- beam flange, then be bent horizontally inward to meet the junction of the said lower flange and the web of the I-beam, and then bent upward to rest against the said web, to which they are securely riveted. A secondary end belt. |5fl8, may be attached next the angle iron, 6. (see also Fig. 4), which rests against the web of the I- beam, then bent out, up, and down over the upper flange, at say an angle of forty five degrees, until it meets the outer horizontal portion of the front or rear belt as the case may be, to which it is then securely riveted.

The end belts, when attached to the outside face of the I-beam web. have preferably, over the outside of the attached portion, a bracket plate, I56 (see Fig. 15). The belt rivet, I51 passes through the said bracket plate, the said belt, and the said I-beam web. This bracket plate is bent inward, at the rear vertical edge of the belt, (see Fig. 2), until it meets the face of the said web, to which it is again riveted as shown. The middle belts are provided with a similar bracket plate, l56i.

Variations: spring bumpers The spring bumper however, may be provided with a metal spring, I8 (Fig. 9) for the purpose of reinforcing the action of the wood springs, as shown.

This auxiliary spring, l9, can be of various forms and'constructions, although in Fig. 9 is shown a leaf or semi-elliptic spring backing and parallel to the wood spring. and located beh nd the central portion thereof. If desired, a spring bearing platefifl, can'be employed equal in width to the. wood springs, and resting on the convex center of the said wood springs.

Evidently by reducing the number of the wood springs, room may be left for one or preferably several coil springs, between the wood springs and the forward face of the end channel web. Where metal bumper springs are used, evidently the wood springs may be replaced by a solid wood bumper, somewhat similar to that in Fig. 2'7 or by a metal or ribbed metal bumper proper.

Solid bumpers Evidently the space between the bumper face strap. ll, (Fig. 4) and the front vertical face of the end channel, 2, may be filled with a solid wood beam hewed to fit within the space specified. the coil spring shown being omitted. This will give a solid wood center bumper, somewhat similar to the solid wood side bumpers shown in Fig. 27, and next described.

All the bumpers previously described, may be termed center bumpers. What are termed side bumpers are used rather extensively today, but are rapidly being superseded by the center bumpers.

The single draw-bar still in use extensively fits practically level with the top of the bumper, which therefore is necessarily recessed, (see Fig. 2'7), in order to permit the use of the coupling clevis, 2|, (Fig. 31). This construction is what in practice is termed the side bumper arrangement.

The side bumpers shown in Fig. 2'7, consist of two wooden blocks, 22, fitting between the side bumper sheathing, 23, (Fig. 28), and the front face of the end channel, 2; and these blocks are spaced apart to provide ample clearance between the draw-bar and adjacent end faces of said blocks.

The wood side bumpers are preferably held in place by the center bumper bolts, l2-3, and the end bumper bolts, i3-4, and covered with the bumper sheathing plates, 23, which fit between the upper and lower flanges of the end channel. The outer corners of the wooden blocks and their sheathing plates are curved, so as to admit of the cars readily taking the curves. The plates, 23, are held in place by the bolts, 24, inserted after the bumper blocks and sheathing plates are in place and the wood blocks are held in place against lateral thrust, by the outside end bumper plates, I8, and the inside end bumper plates, iB-l, and the draw-bar is riveted to the end channel, 2, by the king rivet, 25.

Even flexible or spring bumpers have a rigid backing in order to take care of the final impact of one car against another, which rigid backing may be built up or braced, preferably, at least in part, by suitable connections with the sheet metal bottoms, which are admirably adapted for ,that purpose, so as to meet the requirements of any class of service, even the most severe.

The flexible or spring bumpers may consist of vertical wood springs, a combination of wood and metal springs, or of a solid wood bumper in connection with wood or metal springs. A solid wood bumper may, of course, be used with the improved traction truck.

Variations: bottom pivoted spring draw-bars As will be evident from Fig. 5, a coil spring in line with the vertical center of the bumper will evidently be quite close to the draw-bar pivot pin, thus giving the draw-bar a great leverage against it, reducing, for a given draw-bar play,

'Fig. 9) and the upper vertical portion of the lower draw-bar, 30-4, the spring pin, ,serving to maintain the said bearing plate in position. In order that the said spring may have a straight line action, a link, 45, may be inserted in the slotted lower pivot end of the upper draw-bar. 20-3; a secondary draw-bar pivot pin, 22-1, passing through the forward portion of the said more and more nearly draw-bar link, and through the spring bracket, 48, which latter serves the double purpose of supporting the said draw-bar spring, and also acting as a bumper compression brace; (see also 46-i, Fig. 9). In order to keep the draw-bar from working upward, a draw-bar catch, 41, (Fig. 13) may be riveted to the rear lower vertical portion of the upper draw-bar, the lower portion of said catch being extended rearward, as shown, to engage the i'orward edge of the horizontal plate, 48, riveted to the sheet bottom, 1-4, of the car, of the side dumping type.

The right line action of the draw-bar spring, 42-i, (Fig. 29), may also be assured by means of the line pin, 49, attached to the upper vertical portion of the draw-bar, 30-5, by means of the strap, (see dotted lines the curved portion of said strap resting in a corresponding recess in the spring bearing plate, (see dotted lines, 43-l) Center pivoted draw-bar The center pivoted draw-bar, shown in Fig. 34, is the preferred form of pivoted draw-bar. What may be termed the draw-bar lever arm, is the distance from the coupling pin, (see 36, Fig. 5) to the draw-bar pivot 22. The draw-bar lever arm, in the case of the center pivoted draw-bar, may be said to be roughly, only about half that of the bottom pivoted draw-bar, while the spring lever arm may be said to be nearly twice as great. It therefore follows with the center pivoted drawbar. a' given size spring will have fully three times the range of action, that it can have with the bottom pivoted draw-bar,for any given amount of motion of the forward (left, as shown in both Figs. 5 and 34) end of the center pivoted drawbar.

Where the tensile draw-bar strains at right angles to thesupper part of the center pivoted draw-bar, the leverage against the coil spring would be say as 3 to 2. Owing, however, to the relatively slight angle between the upper part of the draw-bar, in its highest position, and the horizontal draw-bar tensile strains or "pull, the leverage in favor of the spring, at the first instant, will be say 3 to 1. As the draw-bar is pulled horizontal, the leverage in favor of the draw-bar spring becomes greater and greater; it requiring an almost infinite horizontal pull to bring the center-pivoted drawbar to a dead level. The center pivoted draw-bar is therefore, for coil springs of usual sizes for the purpose, acushioned device for almost any pull, that can occur in practice.

With the center pivoted draw-bar, (Fig. 34) the horizontal or nearly horizontal portions of the draw-bars above the half round filler, 33, forming the draw-bar pivot, may be termed the draw-bar proper while the portions of the draw-bar below the said pivot point, may be termed the draw-bar spring lever arm.

As shown, in Fig. 34, the upper and lower bars, 22-6 and 20-1, respectively, are preferably welded together, at their lower ends, the draw-bar pivot block, 52, is preferably welded to the uppen of the bend in the draw-bars, a flat filler, II, is preferably inserted between the two draw-bars at the bend, having been first bent to conform to the said bend.

The spring arrangement is substantially that shown in Fig. 5, with the bottom pivoted drawbar. The coilsprings, 39l and 39-4, act against the two circular angle bearing plates, ll l-l, held in place by the coil spring pin, 4 i-l which passes through a horizontally U-shape bridle, I3 I, riveted 7 between the bumper braces, and against which bears the rear angle bearing plate. The rear end of the coil spring pin, 4 l-l has an annular groove around it, so as to receive the slotted upper U- shaped end of the coil spring pin key, 532, attached by the key bolt, 533, to the said bridle, so as to be readily removable. The forward end of the said coil spring pin is held in place by the conical aperture in the lower end of the drawbars. With the several parts suitably assembled, it is evidently only necessary to insert the coil spring pin key, 532, and its bolt, 55!, in place, when the center pivoted spring draw-bar is ready for operation.

The half round filler, 33, and its base plate, 34-l, (see also Fig. 5), shown as separate parts merely for the purpose of better distinction, are preferably welded together, the said base plate being riveted to the rear vertical face of the end channel; with the reinforced bend of the improved center pivoted draw-bar there should be little occasion to remove the same. It is however, advisable, to leave a slot, 534, in the center of the upper sloping face of the bumper deflector plate, 9|, suitable to permit the removal of the said draw-bar; this slot being otherwise closed by the removable plate, 535, to prevent the lading falling through.

Swinging draw-bars The swinging draw-bar shown in Fig. 18 has one feature in common with the center pivoted drawbar just described, in that the lower ends of the upper and lower bars, 30-8 and ill-9, are preferably welded together. In case of the swinging draw-bar, however, this lower welded (forward as shown) end is forged into a round coil spring spindle, 30-"), which passes through the center of the double coil spring, 3il-3.

The swinging draw-bar may also be said to be a pivoted draw-bar, as shown, in that it passes through a hole in the rear U-shape pivot bridle, 55i (Fig. 18), riveted between the vertical sides, 552, of the swinging draw-bar housing shown in section at right angles to the draw-bar coil spring spindle in Fig. 19: the said hole being i only as much larger than the said spindle as will permit the slight swinging motion required.

The said coil spring may bear against the said pivot bridle, 55L at its rear upper end, bearing at its lower forward end against the bearing thrust plate, 553, having a circular face plate adapted to receive said coil spring, together with a hollow cylindrical body adapted to receive the draw-bar spring spindle, as shown. The lower forward face of said hollow cylindrical body bears against the face plate, 554, which in turn transmits the spring thrust to the spindle key, 555, which in turn transmits it to the draw-bar spring spindle.

Evidently, the said coil spring will cushion the draw-bar pull. The said hollow cylindrical portion of the bearing thurst plate, is passed through a hole in the forward U-shape bridle, 568, also riveted between the vertical sides, 552, of the swinging draw bar housing; said hole being only enough larger than the outside diameter of said hollow cylindrical portion to admit of the necessary play; said face plate being enough larger than this hole that it may, when resting against the forward bridle, 556 satisfactorily transmit to it, without failure, any tensile draw-bar strains.

The draw-bar housing may consist of two vertical plates, 552 (Figs. 18 and 19) one on either side of the double coil spring, 393, and having their lower edges bent outward at right anpies, to fit the rear bottom plate, 1-3, and riveted or otherwise suitably attached to the same; the sides of the vertical plates being cut to suitably enclose the said swinging drawbar without unnecessary loss of lading space; the housing cover, 551, being bent to conform to the sides of the vertical plates, 552, to which said cover is suitably attached, as by bolts and nuts.

In order to prevent the sliding motion of the draw-bar gradually cutting into the channel reinforcing strap, 3, the draw-bar roller, 558 (Fig. 18) may be introduced, so placed that the drawbar comes to a bearing on same. before the drawbar reaches its extreme rear (as shown) position, (see dotted lines, 30-40), which is the position of greatest downward pressure.

Evidently what has heretofore been termed pivoted draw-bars may also be termed swinging draw-bars. as distinguished from spring drawbars, heretofore in use, in which the action is strictly right line.

Variations: rigid draw bars Fig. 2 shows a rigid draw bar arrangement, as applied to the rear end of an end dump mine car. As applied to the front end of an end dump car, the rigid draw-bar, in addition to reinforcing the upper flange of the end channel against .compression, may be utilized to also support the front deflector plate, 9l, against the thrust of the lading while being dumped.

The construction shown in Fig.2 may be varied largely. For instance, the preferred construction, as applied to the front end of the car, is illustrated in Fig. 14; the lower bar, 3ill4, resting, at its forward end, on the channel reinforcing strap, 3, is extended horizontally rearward, until it just passes over the bumper deflector plate, ii-l, at which point it is bent downward to conform to the slope of the said deflector plate, and resting thereon, as far as desired, but preferably, for heavy service, extended the full length of said deflector plate, until it reaches the forward bottom plate, 'i-l, (Fig. 2) and then again bent and extended over the same sufllcientiy that it may be securely riveted to the same, as in the case of the rigid draw-bar shown in Fig. 2.

- The rear end of the top bar, 30-45, (Fig. 14), rests on the-top of the upper sloping portion of the lower bar, leaving the lower bar, however, at the point at which the lower bar turns horizontally forward along the top of the end channel; the said upper bar passing on upward and forward, as shown, until it reaches the height necessary to give the clearance between the forward ends of the two bars, desired for the opnel, the other leg of said angle connecting-bar bearing against the under side of the bumper deflector plate. 9i, and immediately under the two bars just described.

Evidently then the upper forward portion of the deflector plate, in the center, is held between the bars and the angle connecting bar. Rivets passed through the four parts mentioned, as shown, will bind the same so as to form a workmanlike reinforcing rigid draw-bar. The forward vertical leg of the angle connecting bar should be riveted, as shown, to the vertical rear of the end channel to hold the angle connecting bar rigidly in place under stress.

The construction shown may also be otherwise varied for the purposes indicated.

Center draw bars With the center draw-bars shown in Figs. 28 and 31, the strength of both the top and bottom flanges of the end channel is utilized to resist the tensile haulage strains, instead of only that of the top flange, in the case of the top drawbar, which latter involves what is termed in mechanics, eccentric loading, which also tends to rock the parts loose. For a given desired tensile haulage strain, therefore, a lighter weight end channel can be used, as the strains are then straight line instead of eccentric. The center draw bars are however, in a less convenient position for coupling, and can only be used in new mines where all cars are of this type.

The double center draw-bar, as shown in Fig. 28, is preferably made from a flat bar of iron, so bent as to form the upper bar, 30ll, and the lower bar, 3i|l5, the bend in the same being connected to the center of the vertical web of the end channel, by the rivet, 25.

The center draw-bar may also be a single drawbar, (see Ill-l1, Fig. 31) similarly provided with a suitable coil spring spindle, also placed in the vertical center of the end channel.

Automatic couplings The improved traction truck particularly readily admits of automatic couplings, similar to the Master Car Builders automatic coupling, 53 (Fig. 38), which may have a broad base, 58'l, by means of which it may be riveted to the forward vertical face of the end channel, 2, by means of the rivets, 58L

Variations: rigid axle boxings This inner reinforcing plate, GI, (Figs. 7 and 8) shown as wrought plate may be replaced by a somewhat similar inside axle boxing, 62, (Fig. 20), with which the axle boxing interlocks. as in the case of the wrought reinforcing plate, ii.

The axle bearing may be bushed in the usual way with say a brass bushing, 63, (see Fig. 20) preferably extending the full length of the axle bearing and fitting, at its outer end, in a suitably prepared recess therefor.

Cutting a hole in the web of the I-beam sulfidciently large to admit of the insertion of the inner extension of the axle bearing, as previously explained, necessarily somewhat reduces the strength of the I-beam at this point. i This reduction in the strength of the I-beam may be made considerably less without reducing the pin interlocking value of the axle boxing, by omitting the inward extension of the axle boxing and placing the interlocking feature at say the two extreme end axle boxing rivets, 64 and 85 (Fig. 6) thus forming my improved end or bolt interlocking axle boxing. The face plate, ill-4, (Fig. 22), has an inward cylindrical extension, ill-5, surrounding and concentric with said end rivet, 64-4, which therefore may be termed the bolt interlocking extension; the inward cylindrical extension of said face plate passing through holes in both the web of the I-beam and through the inside axle boxing face plate, 62- 4, just large enough for that purpose.

The length of said inward cylindrical extension of said plate is made such that the rivet, Gl-I, will just bind the several parts together as tightly as may be desired. The same construction may be employed for the rear end rivet, 65 (Fig. 6). The sum of the double pin shearing values thus obtained may be made actually greater than that obtained by the inward extension of the axle boxing as in Fig. 8, while only necessitating a hole in the web of the I-beam, sufliclently large for the insertion of the axle, 66, (see Fig. 23).

Swinging axle bozings The flexibility of the old type all-wood car is a distinct advantage, in one respect, in that it permits practically at almost all times, full contact of all four wheels with the track, even in the case of a quite uneven track, a certain amount of which exists in all large mines. With all steel cars as at present constructed, in the case of uneven track, often only three wheels are in contact with the rails, thus resulting in derailment, and consequent loss of time. Again, with all steel cars, the frames sometimes become sufliciently twisted, in wrecks, that on level track only three wheels are in contact with the rail, thus rendering the car unfit for service. The swinging or drop axle boxing has been devised to permit the contact of all four wheels in case of either uneven track or of somewhat twisted trucks.

It has been proposed to accomplish the same purpose by means of vertically elongated axle bearings, semi-circular at the top and bottom, to fit the axle. With this arrangement, when the wheel hits the horns of the dump, the axle practically touches the axle bearing at but one point, and therefore necessarily, in time, will become badly battered and scarred.

In operation, the swinging or drop axle boxing is preferably pivoted at the forward end, the rear end having the amount of vertical play that may be necessary to give the axle, roughly mid-way between, the desired amount of vertical play to maintain contact between the wheels and the raiL-under reasonable conditions, thus permitting the axle bearing to fit the axle, as is otherwise" desirable.

The swinging axle boxing consists preferably of the combination of substantially what has heretofore been termed the end or bolt interlocking axle boxing, now termed the outside axle boxing, together with a similar inside axle boxing; the inner and outer axle boxlngs being suitably connected together, to act as a unit, either of which may be interlocked with the other.

Fig. 24 shows an inside view of the inside swinging axle boxing, 82-2, the extreme left rivet, 64--! (Fig. 24) being the pivot pin or bolt, which is therefore made as large as is otherwise practical, and designated as the king pin or bolt. The extreme right rivet, 65-1, holds together the rear ends of the said inside axle boxing and of the outside axle boxing face plate, -6 (see Fi 26).

Fig. 30 shows the holes in the web of the I- for m) beam designed to give the maximum interlocking shearing value, for a given vertical wheel play, and the corresponding maximum net strength of the I-beam, the axle hole, 80, being between the king bolt hole, (II, on the left, and what may be termed the swinging bolt hole, 02, on the right. The axle hole, 80, may be made as a vertical slot with the upper and lower ends semi-circular, and of a diameter equal to that of the axle, as shown.

The diameter of the king bolt hole, 8|, should be equal to the vertical depth of the axle hole 80, see dotted lines 83. This gives the outside diameter of the king bolt interlocking extension 65, (Fig. 22).

The vertical depth of the axle hole 80, (Fig. 30), also controls the vertical depth of the rear axle boxing or swinging bolt hole 02, which should be the same, see dotted lines 03. The horizontal distance of the rear boxing hole 02 from the axle hole 80, as shown in Fig. 30 is the same as the distance of the latter from the king bolt hole 0|. Therefore, the vertical play of the rear boxing hole will be twice that of the axle 08. If therefore, there is deducted from the diameter of the king bolt hole, twice the vertical axle play, there is obtained the outside diameter of the rear interlocking inward extension of the axle boxing around the rear axle boxing rivet 05-i, (Fig. 24), also termed the axle boxing swinging rivet.

With the swinging axle boxing, the ,upper edge of the axle boxing face plate, as well as the upper edge of the inside axle boxing should rest against the upper flanges of the I-beam, when the Swinging axle boxing is in uppermost position (see 60-45 and 622, Figs. 24 and 26) there being a space between the lower edges of the swinging axle boxings and the lower I-beam flange equal to at least the maximum vertical play of the axle boxings (see Fig. 26). The dotted lines in Fig. 24 show the swinging axle boxing in its extreme lower position.

In Fig. 30, within the axle hole, 00, the two positions of the axle, 66 (Fig. 25) are shown by the dotted lines, 66-4, the two extreme positions of the rear axle boxing rivet, 65-l, being similarly indicated.

With the swinging axle boxing, more particularly, rivets are to be preferred to bolts and lock nuts, while cast iron is much preferable to cast steel, on account of the readiness with which 04 (Fig. 22) may be put around the heated king bolt shank, both of which are then inserted in the king bolt hole. A wrought washer, 85, may then be' placed on the king bolt shank, and thus resting on the short section of pipe just mentioned, the length of which may be made such, it the king bolt be now headed in the usual way, on the right as shown, that the cooling, strains of the king bolt rivet will be taken up by the said short section of pipe, thus avoiding the danger of cracking the cast iron, and yet the bearing may have any amount of (horizontal as shown) play, that may be desired. 0

The swinging axle boxing may have at least two other rivets, 86 (Fig. 24) near' the top, in order to prevent the upward thrust of the axle from forcing the upper edges of the axle boxing outward from each other, owing to the slight slope of the under sides of the I-beam flanges. These other rivets preferably also have short sections of wrought pipe and wrought washers, as in the case of the king bolt, the holes in the I-beam web therefore being suitably slotted, to

allow the necessary vertical play, substantially as shown.

Self evidently, however, in so far as inequalities of track are concerned, only one pair of axle boxings, preferably the rear axle boxings, need be of the swinging or drop type. Even for heavy service, the front axle boxings may be made rigid cast steel axle boxings, and the rear axle boxings, swinging cast iron axle boxings.

Variations: axle tubes The axle tube, I00-I, Fig. 21, is not rigidly connected with the axle boxing, (as in Fig. 20), but is maintained in place by means of an an nular collar, I02, on either end, bearing against the vertical inner face of the inward extension, 60--'I, of the axle bearing. This form of axle tube, which may be termed the loose axle tube, should be bushed (see 03I, Fig. 21) with an annular bushing similar to that shown in Fig. 20, inserted in either end. The loose axle tube is free to rotate, similar to the loose axle, so that if bushed, the bushed bearing may wear at least somewhat uniformly all around, and it has another advantage in that it admits of a relatively simple form of spring wheel truck.

Axle tube spring truck One of the material advantages of the swinging axle boxing, is that it readily admits of spring wheel trucks, which will be particularly desirable, with a large mine car containing a considerable tonnage of coal. With bushed loose axle tubes passing through swinging axle boxings, it only becomes necessary to provide a suitable spring action cooperating with the axle tubes, to secure a practicable form of spring wheel truck, which may therefore be termed axle tube spring trucks. The spring operating mechanism is, preferably, placed in the center of the axle tubes, one spring operating mechanism therefore serving to operate equally the wheels on either side of the same.

As shown in Figs. 24, 25, and 26, the bushed loose axle tube, I00I operates the swinging axle boxings through which it is passed in either end. Two tube bands or belts, I 03, which pass over the axle tube, are made long enough to also pass under the spring lever pin, I04. The leaf or plate spring, I05, shown in Fig. 24, compressed fiat, as by the weight of the car and its lading, has, when not compressed, its concave side upward, the ends of said spring resting on the under side of the sheet metal spring plate, I06 (Fig. 32), the sheet metal spring plate being maintained in place by the angular brackets, I01, between it and the under side of the axle deflector sheet, 9-2.

The under side of said spring, I05, rests on the angular spring bearing plate, I08 (Fig. 24) flat on its upper side to fit the spring, but with the under sides sloping downward toward the center so as to fit in a corresponding recess in the free end of the spring lever, I09.

The two tube bands, I03, are placed on either side of the spring lever, I09, as ShOW'll in Fig. 25, the latter being at the center of the bushed loose axle tube, l00-I.

The spring lever, I09 (Fig. 24) has its forward end bent down under the bottom of the forward vertical part of the deflector plate, 9-2, where it is then again bent back up over the rear edge of the forward bottom plate, l--I, slightly recessed for that purpose. This bent forward end of the spring lever thus becomes the lever pivot, the opposite orfree end of the spring lever having a vertical play at least equal to the amount of the spring action. The portion of the spring lever immediately under the axle tube, is swelled sufllciently to permit the spring lever pin, I04, to pass through its center. With the several parts suitably assembled, it evidently then will only be necessary to insert the spring lever pin, I00, in the two tube belts, I03, and in its. hole in the spring lever, I09, the cotter pin, H0, then serving to maintain the several parts in their working positions.

The spring, I05, when released from its compressed position shown in Fig. 24, as by the wheels passing over an abrupt drop in the track, will force downward the free (right as shown) end of the spring lever, thus also carrying downward the lever pin, I04. Owing to the action of the axle tube bands, I03, the loose axle tube, I00--I, and its contained axle, 66, are also coincidentally forced downward, the positions of the several parts being shown by the several dotted lines in Fig. 24.

Swinging tube spring truck The swinging tube spring truck shown inFig. 32, which does not require axle tubes, is materially simpler than the axle tube spring truck, which latter nevertheless is evidently also a swinging spring wheel truck. The essential point of difference between the axle tube spring truck, and the swinging tube spring truck proper, shown in Fig. 32, is that in the latter the swinging axle boxing is operated, not by the axle tube, but preferably by a bent special swinging tube, as stronger and lighter, which however may be replaced by a bar or other equivalent device.

The swinging tube, I20 (Fig. 32) is preferably placed immediately under the center of the spring, I05, of the same construction as the correspondlng spring of Fig. 24, and bearing up against the same kind of sheet metal bearing plate, I00, maintained in place by the angular brackets, I01. A suitable spring bearing block, I2I, is placed at the center of the spring, I05, the said bearing block being flat on its upper side and concave longitudinally on its under side, to conform to the curvature of said swinging tube.

The swinging tube, I20 (Fig. 32), at either end, is passed through the vertical face plates, 60-0 and 623, respectively, of outer and inner axle boxings, but not rigidly connected to the same. Said swinging tube may have an annular collar, I22, on either end, next to the face plates of the inner axle boxings, to maintain said swinging tube in the desired position. With the several parts suitably assembled, evidently the insertion of the spring bearing block will hold the several parts in the working position.

Fig. 36 shows an axle boxing, 30-0, in part spe-' flange of the I-beam above, or still better to that portion of the I-beam bridle, I38, which extends back under said upper I-beam flange, and which is planed off so as to give a horizontal bearing to said vertical rib, 609; said bridle extension being also riveted in place, as shown.

In order to give the greatest leverage possible for the swinging tube, I20 (Fig. 32), it is preferably placed at the extreme end of the axle boxing opposite the king bolt pivot, 642. The swinging rivet, 65I, may thus be placed between the axle and said swinging tube, I20, substantially as shown in Fig. 36, and thus giving the maximum strength of the several parts, for a given reduc tlon of the strength of the I-beam, I.

The lower head of the rivet, IOI (Fig. 32), in conjunction with the similarly recessed upper face ofthe vertical rib, 60-9 (Figs. 32 and 36) of the outside axle boxing will evidently serve admirably to hold said vertical rib in the desired position, when the same bears against the under side of the turned under tapered end of the I-beam bridle, I38-2.

The outside axle boxing may be provided with the usual oiling hole, 01, (Fig. 36) as previously explained. The face of the inside axle boxing, 62-4, may have an oiling interlocking extension into the outside axle boxing which will evidently serve admirably to hold the vertical rib in the desired position, when the same bears against the under side of the turned under tapered end of the I-beam bridle, I3B-2.

In addition to the usual oiling hole, 61, above referred to, the said oiling interlocking extension may also be provided with its own special oiling hole, 6II (Fig. 36) and suitably connected with the axle bearing, but on the inside of the I-beam, I, (see Fig. 2).

The rear end of the outside axle boxing, 60-8 (Fig. 36) may be an arc of a circle swung from the king rivet, 642, and conforming to the forward face of the axle boxing stop block, I23, riveted to the web of the I-beam so as to permit the swinging action of the axle boxing, and yet also to take the dumping shock off the king rivet, in part or in whole, as desired. The curved forward face of said stop block is sufliciently re-entrant to keep the axle boxing face against the vertical web of the I-beam.

Variations: axle deflector supports In the case of the swinging axle boxing, the crown of the arch of the axle deflector plate will be unsupported by the inner axle bearing, at such times that the wheels do not happen to be in their extreme upper position. With swinging axle boxings, the I-beam bridle, I38 (Fig. 10) previously described, will serve the purpose, particularly if the I-beam angle brace is also used.

Wheel brakes A number of otherwise good wheel brakes are practically undesirable since, owing to their location incident to their design, they are quickly rendered unserviceable by being broken or bent through contact with mine obstructions. The recessed wings of the improved lading holding body offer a most secure place for the wheel brakes and hence my be cited as one of the advantages thereof. The upper outside angle of the I-beam between the upper part of the web,

and the upper flange offers a most secure recess for a rolling side brake rod, where it is safe against almost any kind of injury.

The wooden brake block, I10, shown in the dotted lines (Figs. 2, 3 and 15) and the rolling side rod (see dotted lines I'II, Fig. 15) and its bracket, "2 (see dotted lines, also Fig. 33) are old, with three exceptions. The said rolling side rod has heretofore been placed in a position corresponding to the inner top bend of the middle belt, I50-I (Fig. 3) so that the forward brake block rod fulcrum, III (Fig. 15) comes on 

